- Tapping apex beat
- Loud first heart sound
- Rumbling mid-diastolic murmur at apex (louder in left lateral position on expiration)
- Malar flush
Aortic regurgitation
- Wide pulse pressure
- Displaced, volume-overloaded apex beat
- Early diastolic murmur at lower left sternal edge (best heard in expiration leaning forward)
- Carotid pulsation (Corrigan's sign)
- Head nodding (De Musset's sign)
- Capillary pulsations in nail bed (Quincke's sign)
- Pistol-shot heard over femorals (Traube's sign)
Mitral regurgitation
- Displaced, volume overloaded apex beat
- Soft first heart sound
- Pansystolic murmur at apex radiating to the axilla (louder in expiration)
Tricuspid regurgitation
- Large systolic 'v' waves
- Pansystolic murmur lower left sternal edge (best heard in inspiration)
- Pulsatile hepatomegaly
Aortic stenosis
- Narrow pulse pressure
- Heaving undisplaced apex beat
- Soft second heart sound
- Ejection systolic murmur heard in aortic area radiating to carotids and apex
Ventricular septal defect
- Harsh pansystolic murmur lower left sternal edge
- Left parasternal heave
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