As a general rule, a(something) means the COMPLETE absence of, whereas dys(something) is merely a DISORDER of.
Aphasia - Total absence of ability to form speech or language
Dysphasia - Disorder of language
Receptive Dysphasia - Difficulty in comprehension
Expressive Dysphasia - Difficulty in putting words together to make meaning
Dysarthria - Disorder of speech
Agraphia or dysgraphia - Disorder of writing
Acalculia or dyscalculia - Inability to manipulate numbers
Dyslexia - Difficulty reading
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